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Relative pronouns are essential components of the English language that serve a dual purpose: they function both as pronouns and as conjunctions. By linking a dependent (relative) clause to an independent clause, they allow us to provide additional information about a noun or pronoun without starting a new sentence. This creates a more fluid and sophisticated writing style.
Table of Contents
What is a Relative Pronoun?
A relative pronoun is a word used to introduce a relative clause. It “relates” the clause to a noun or pronoun mentioned previously in the sentence (the antecedent). These pronouns help us identify which person or thing we are talking about or provide extra details about them.
(In this sentence, “who” is the relative pronoun. It refers back to “The musician” and introduces the clause “who won the award.”)
Common Relative Pronouns and Their Uses
Choosing the correct relative pronoun depends on the type of antecedent (person, thing, or place) and the role the pronoun plays in the clause.
| Relative Pronoun | Used For | Role in the Sentence |
|---|---|---|
| Who | People | Subject of the verb |
| Whom | People | Object of the verb or preposition |
| Which | Animals and Objects | Subject or object |
| That | People, Animals, and Objects | Subject or object (Restrictive clauses only) |
| Whose | People and Animals (Possession) | Shows ownership |
Restrictive vs. Non-Restrictive Clauses
Understanding the difference between these two types of clauses is crucial for correct punctuation and pronoun choice.
Restrictive Clauses (Essential)
A restrictive clause provides information that is necessary to identify the noun it modifies. If you remove the clause, the sentence loses its intended meaning. Do not use commas with restrictive clauses.
Example: The car that I bought yesterday is blue. (Specific car)
Non-Restrictive Clauses (Extra Information)
A non-restrictive clause adds “bonus” information about a noun that is already clearly identified. If you remove the clause, the sentence still makes sense. Always use commas to set off non-restrictive clauses.
Example: My car, which I bought yesterday, is blue. (Information about my only car)
Examples in Sentences
- Who: The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
- Whom: The candidate whom we interviewed was very impressive.
- Which: The book, which is on the table, belongs to Sarah.
- That: I like the laptop that you bought.
- Whose: The boy whose dog ran away is very sad.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Incorrect: The phone what I bought is broken.
Correct: The phone that I bought is broken.
Note: “What” is not a relative pronoun in this context; use “that” or “which” for objects.
Incorrect: My brother that lives in London is a chef.
Correct: My brother, who lives in London, is a chef.
Note: Use “who” for people, and use commas if you only have one brother.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use “that” for people?
In informal speech, people often use “that” to refer to people (e.g., “The girl that I met”). However, in formal writing, it is preferred to use “who” or “whom” when referring to human beings.
When should I use “whom” instead of “who”?
Use “who” when the pronoun is the subject of the clause (the one doing the action). Use “whom” when the pronoun is the object (the one receiving the action). A quick tip: if you can replace it with “him,” use “whom.” If you can replace it with “he,” use “who.”
Short: I saw a man. He was wearing a red hat.
Combined: I saw a man who was wearing a red hat.
